How to build a cattle farm?
2020-11-16
How to build a cattle farm is a problem that people who start to engage in cattle farming are more concerned about. Next, the sheep and cattle breeding net will introduce the construction of cattle farms. The construction of the cattle farm must first follow the following principles: the selection of the cattle farm site must be carefully considered, the overall arrangement and the relatively long-term planning. It must be combined with plans for the development of agriculture and animal husbandry, capital construction plans for farmland, and housing construction, and must adapt to the needs of modern cattle breeding.
The selected site must have room for development.
1. The terrain is high and dry. The beef cattle farm should be built in a generally flat place with high dry terrain, sunny leeward, low groundwater level, gentle slopes from the north to the south. It must not be built in low recesses or vents to avoid difficulty in drainage, accumulation of water in flood season and difficulty in winter cold protection.
2. Good soil quality. The soil quality is preferably sandy loam. The soil is soft, with strong water permeability, rainwater and urine are not easy to accumulate, there is no induration after rain, which is conducive to the cleanness, hygiene and dryness of the cowshed and sports ground, and is conducive to preventing the occurrence of hoof disease and other diseases.
3. Sufficient water source. There must be sufficient water sources that meet sanitary requirements to ensure production and living and drinking water for humans and animals. The water is of good quality and does not contain toxic substances, ensuring the safety and health of humans and animals.
4. Abundant forage. The feed required for beef cattle feeding, especially roughage, requires a large amount and is not suitable for transportation. The beef cattle farm should be close to the resources of straw, silage and hay to ensure the supply of forage, reduce freight and reduce costs.
5. Convenient transportation. The purchase of shelf cattle and large quantities of forage feed, the sale of fattening cattle and manure, the transportation volume is large and frequent, and some transportation requires rain or rain. Therefore, the beef cattle farm should be built in a convenient transportation place near the road or railway. .
6. Sanitation and epidemic prevention. It is 500 meters away from major traffic arteries, villages and factories, and 200 meters away from general traffic roads. It is also necessary to avoid slaughter, processing and industrial and mining enterprises that pollute beef cattle farms, especially chemical enterprises. It meets the requirements of veterinary hygiene and environmental hygiene, and there is no source of infection around.
7. Save land. Do not occupy or occupy less cultivated land.
8. Avoid endemic diseases. Endemic diseases of humans and animals are mostly caused by the lack of soil or water quality or the excessive content of certain elements. Endemic diseases have a great impact on the growth and meat quality of beef cattle. Although they can be prevented, they are bound to increase costs. It should be avoided as much as possible.
Type of barn
1. Beef cattle house The beef cattle house is a two-row barn, and the length of the barn can be determined according to the number of cattle raised or geographical conditions. It is distributed in a fence, with a walkway in the middle, feeding troughs and drinking fountains on both sides of the walkway, and cows stand opposite each other to eat. The cow house can be one-story or two-story, the upper layer is for stacking forage, and there is a grass hole, and the forage can be directly put into the feeding trough. This kind of cow house has good heat preservation and cold resistance, so it is more suitable to feed fattening cattle in the north. Raising cows must be made into cots, and feeding calves must be equipped with pens. (Suitable for construction in most areas of our country, we recommend construction)
2. Cowshed This is an open-shed cowshed built in a warm southern area, combined with fences and cowsheds. The internal structure is the same as or similar to the cowshed. But the cost is low and economical.
3. Beef cattle shed This type of cattle shed has a simple structure, so it has low cost and good ventilation. There is a certain area of open-air playground on the side of the cowshed, and the beef cowshed is suitable for the southern regions where the winter is not too cold. The area of the cowshed should be such that all cows can stand and lie down in rain. One side of the shed is provided with a feeding trough and eating utensils. Set a grass frame on the other side.
4. Warm shed cowshed in winter This is a form of combining plastic film insulation with cow shed in the north. Plastic film covers 2/3 of the cowshed area. The selected plastic film is a white transparent plastic film without water droplets, with a thickness of 0.02-0.05 mm. The slope of the plastic film canopy is between 40°-60°, and the slope is determined according to the actual situation, such as topography and area. The sealing time is from November to March of the following year, according to the weather conditions in various places.
The plastic film of the warm shed should be tensioned and flat without ventilation. When the weather is too cold in the north, straw curtains should be added to ensure heat preservation. In the daytime, the air intake and exhaust on the south wall are used for 1 to 2 ventilation to exhaust moisture and toxic gases in the shed. The density of raising fattening cattle in the warm shed is appropriate for every 4 square meters.
5. Rural warehouses and cattle sheds Unused warehouses or other idle houses in rural areas can be used as cattle sheds for beef cattle breeding. However, this type of house is not built according to the requirements of the cowshed, so it cannot be simply used as a cowshed and must be remodeled. According to the requirements of local winter cold protection and summer ventilation and summer heat, the doors and windows should be modified and installed first. Then make the ground into non-slip, impermeable cement or triple ground. Build feeding troughs, passages and other facilities to enable normal feeding and management measures.
6. Solar cow house This is based on the double-slope cow house in the north, which is closed with double-layer plastic film on the sunny half slope. At the same time, blacken the outer wall of the Xiangyang, and build a slanted wooden frame, which is closed with double-layer plastic film, so that a triangular solar receiving room is formed on the outer wall of the Xiangyang wall. The upper and lower symmetrical ventilation holes are opened on the wall at equal distances. The cow houses are connected, so that the hot air heated by the solar energy in the triangle receiving room flows into the cow house continuously through the upper ventilation hole, which plays a role of heat preservation.
Beef cattle barn design
1. Ground The floor of the cow house should be insulated, impervious and non-slip, and easy to clean with sewage and feces.
2. Roof The double-sloped roof is commonly used in beef cattle houses. This kind of roof has a large span and is used for cattle of various sizes. The roofing materials should be waterproof, heat-insulated, fire-resistant, lightweight and inexpensive. For example, the use of engineering plastics, solar panels, etc. to build an open, semi-open cowshed, beautiful and practical, moderate cost.
3. Doors and windows The doors and windows of the cowshed should be opened outwards. The door is 2.1-2.2 meters high and 2.0-2.5 meters wide. The south window is 1.2 meters high and 1 meter wide. The north window is 1 meter high, 0.8 meters wide, and the window sill is 1.2-1.4 meters above the ground.
4. Feeding troughs Beef cattle houses are mostly fed by group feeding troughs or tied troughs. Each cattle trough is 1.1-1.2 meters wide, and the ground near the trough is slightly higher. A fixed cement tank is the most suitable feeding trough. The upper width of the feeding trough is 0.6-0.8 meters, the bottom width is 0.35 meters, and the bottom of the trough is curved. The height of the rim near the cow is 0.35 meters, and the height of the outer rim is 0.6-0.8 meters. The low-slot channel and trough-in-one feeder can also be used.
5. Passage: Opposite barn, the middle passage is 1.4-1.8 meters wide. The grooved channel is 3 meters wide.
6. Sports field In order to limit the movement of fattening cattle, the fattening cattle are tied to a fixed post in the sports field to rest after feeding. The sports field can be designed according to 10 square meters per cow. The fenced beef cattle farm occupies an area of 15-20 square meters for adult cattle, 10-15 square meters for bred cattle, and 5-10 square meters for calves. Design the size of the sports field according to the number of cattle.
7. Supplementary feeding troughs and drinking troughs Supplementary feeding troughs and drinking troughs should be set up at appropriate positions on the sports field or under the pergola, so that the cattle can eat roughage and drink water at any time when they are in the sports field. Determine the number and length of the feeder and drinking trough based on the number of cattle. Each feeding trough is 3-4 meters long, 0.4-0.7 high, 0.7 meters wide at the top and 0.4 meters at the bottom. There should be a drinking trough for every 30 cattle or so.
8. Fences Set up fences around the sports field or cowshed, including fence posts and cross bars. The crossbar is 1-1.2 meters above the ground, and the spacing between the pillars is 1.5-2 meters, which must be strong and durable. Steel pipes or steel bars can be used as cross bars, and steel pipes or cement columns can be used as fence posts.
Building examples
Below we take a double-row cowshed as an example to introduce the construction of a cowshed. The construction of other cowsheds is almost the same as that of a double-row cowshed. (Based on the principle of economy and practicality)
a. Foundation: It should have sufficient strength and stability and be firm; prevent sinking and uneven subsidence, causing cracks and tilting of the building.
b. Wall: To maintain the temperature and sanitation in the house, it is required to be sturdy, anti-seismic, waterproof, fireproof, have good heat preservation and heat insulation performance, easy to clean and disinfect, and brick walls are mostly used.
c. Roof: rainwater, wind and sand, and solar radiation. It is required to be light, strong and strong, waterproof, fireproof, heat preservation, heat insulation, and resist the influence of rain, snow, strong wind and other external forces.
d. Ground: It is required to be compact and solid, not hard or slippery, warm and flexible, and easy to clean and disinfect. Most of them use cement, which has the advantages of solidity, easy cleaning and disinfection, strong thermal conductivity and good heat dissipation in summer.
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